Investigating and Applying an Ethical Framework to a Nursing Scenario Essay

Investigating and Applying an Ethical Framework to a Nursing Scenario - Essay Example The Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee model (2005) suggests seven steps for decision-making. The first step is stating the problem while the second step is about getting the facts about the problem (Freegard, 2006). The case study reviews the problem and the later part of the essay provides an evaluation of the ethical issue in accordance with the model. The case scenario relates the account of a seventeen year old girl Judy who had been admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute medical pain. Judy’s provisional diagnosis was Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) until the doctors got the report for her medical tests taken in the ED. The main issues of the case study are given in the table below. â€Å"she can’t be in that much pain, she rolls over to sleep when she thinks we are not watching her, yet soon as she sees us she asks for Morphine†¦ if she is going to get herself an infection then she should live with the consequences† The negligence, lack of documentation of charts and prompt response to patient, discrimination and absence of proper care and compassion, lack of compliance to instructions of DMO by the nurses are some of the legal issues. They also let personal biases prejudice their care, as pelvic inflammatory disease is often caused by sexual intercourse, an assumption that has led the nurse to treat Judy disdainfully. They were also not cooperative with their colleague, Sue, and derided her. There was no follow up on ectopic pregnancy, which, as it turned out later, was the underlying cause of the severe abdominal pain. The third step in Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee model of decision-making entails analysis of the fundamental ethical principles. A framework to analyze the fundamental ethical principles commonly used in bioethics, called principlism, includes four guiding principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice (Butts & Rich, 2005). Anwari (2008) states that beneficence and non-maleficence are old concepts

Recycling Waste Essay Example for Free

Recycling Waste Essay With the increasing human population the needs for the people also increases. But the point of concern is that are there enough natural resources to service all your needs. What if these resources finish, this is one thing we need to ponder upon. We need to start recycling waste to converse our natural resources. Recycling is simply the process of reusing the items from which utility can still be derived. It is important to recycle waste so that you can at least converse some of our natural resources for our generations to come. Many products such as paper, cardboards, and cups come from trees. In fact trees are our natural assets, you can converse trees by recycling the paper products we can minimize the number of trees cut down a year. This is one form of waste recycling. One should understand and know the importance of recycling waste materials. One simple benefit of recycling is it saves our resources. It will be wise to reuse metal item as metal reserves may be depleting. You can sold your wore out metal items for recycling. As mentioned earlier, recycling of waste papers can save our forests. Recycling waste not only save our natural resources but also help save energy. By simply recycling an item or making a basic fix to it, we can we save all the energy that would have been consumed in the process of making it. The same example can be taken with plastic items. A large amount of energy can be saved by simply reusing the plastic items. To recycle waste is to simply reduce pollution. By recycling plastic material we can reduce air pollution as well as water pollution. Plastic factories produced large amount of smoke when producing plastic material at the same time if we don’t have proper waste disposal system those waste emissions will cause water pollution. Recycling waste in a way helps reduce pollution. In simple words, recycling or recycling waste is essential to both natural environment and humans. To sum up, recycling minimizes the need for raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved. Great amounts of energy are used when making products from raw materials. Recycling requires much less energy and therefore helps to preserve natural resources. One needs to know the importance of recycling at the same time being earth friendly can help our planet a better place to live in.

Anorexia and Bulimia - A Growing Epidemic Essay -- Causes of Bulimia N

Bulimia and anorexia is a growing epidemic in America. Bulimia and Anorexia can start at any age, but is most common between the ages of 11-17 years old. Of all the individuals that experience this illness only 50% of all of them are ever cured, and another 6% that suffer from this horrible illness will experience death. This illness has become very deadly to our young adults. Bulimia and anorexia can cause a distorted image in a persons mind because they truly believe they are overweight. In their minds they are beyond doubt obese. Even if the person weighs only 95 pounds. This sickness has the person thinking they are overweight. This could bring about a severe bout of depression. Once the person hits the stage of depression professional help is needs because the feeling of being overweight and depression could put the individual over the edge. Individual experiencing Bulimia go on what is called eating binges. Eating binges are when people eat longer amounts of food in less then two hours. (Internet3) Then after they binge they feel guilt or shame so they need to undo their behavior. To undo their behavior they make themselves vomit, or they take laxatives, water pills or starve themselves. (Cauwel21) Binge and poring usually occurs more than two times a week for at least three months. (Internet1) What cause bulimia and anorexia? It can be brought on by stress or depression, but most often dieting causes it. (Erichsen 12) Stressful situations such as death can bring about bulimia and anorexia. Also many young adults frequently experience sessions of depression for various circumstances during their adolescent’s years. But, again most of the time bulimia and anorexia is trigger by dieting. (Moe 21) Many psychological factors play a big role in the cause of bulimia and anorexia. People that have a fear of growing up sometimes have incidents with anorexia because they think that if they stop eating they want get older or bigger. (Erichsen15) Ford5 People need to take control of themselves if they are anorexia or bulimia because they can control how much they eat or if they want to eat. (internet1) If a person feels out of control because of difficulties at home they should control what they eat or if they are going to eat. The people that suppress anger need to release it and get it out. If there is a major life change, such as divorce, family problems,... ...rging behavior. Challenging the weight and body image beliefs of the patients is also part of the treatment. Improving self-esteem and ability to communicate needs and feelings may be the key to the treatment. Each case is different, so the course of treatment for each patient is different but the guideline for case is the same. Anorexia patients mostly start off with small amounts of nutritious and easily digestible foods such as eggs, custards, soups, and milkshakes are usually what they eat the first days. People that have anorexia extra calcium and multivitamins pills to help with the large loss the body has sustained. (internet2) Bulimia and anorexia causes a distorted image in a persons mind, this is because they believe they are overweight. Depression is usually one of the first symptoms. Many people have suffered from this illness or still are suffering. Bulimia and anorexia could happen to a person at any age, but is most common in teenagers because of the problems young adults experience during. Most of the time it is trigger by dieting, but no matter how it is triggered it is a very dangerous illness. Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Small Business - Try our new resources site!

Foreign-Born American, Yes You Can Become President! Essay -- American

Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution states that no person except a natural-born citizen shall be eligible to run for President of the United States. This was due to John Jay, the presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention, who wrote a letter to George Washington in 1787 arguing that the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army should not be anyone but a natural-born American (Schneider 6). The Founders were concerned that subversive enemies could force the fledgling republic back to foreign monarchical rule. Delegates did not want the United States to suffer the same fate as Poland, which in 1772 had been partitioned among Austria, Prussia and Russia after agents of those countries bribed Polish nobles to elect a disloyal king (Schneider 6). The Founding Fathers of the United States, however, clearly state that, â€Å"all men are created equal† in the Declaration of Independence. This equality extends not only to all natural-born Americ an citizens, but should also extend to foreign-born Americans. This foundational idea of equality contradicts the Constitution. All American citizens should have the equal and same opportunity to strive to hold the highest elected office in the United States. By looking at the role immigrants have played in American history—particularly sacrifices that have been made by foreign-born American citizens on the battlefield, easier access to candidate information through media during elections, checks in the Constitution, and modern diplomacy—we see that foreign-born American citizens are not only loyal to America, but also have the capability and passion to serve the United States as President without American citizens needing to question loyalty and intent. The orig... ... People. USHistory.org, n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. Isaacson, Walter. "Henry Kissinger - Biography". The Nobel Prize in Peace 1973. Nobelprize.org. Web. 3 Aug 2010. Kasindorf, Martin. â€Å"Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold?† USA TODAY [Los Angels] 3 Dec. 2004. Web. 30 July 2010. King, Martin Luther. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail." Letter From Birmingham Jail 1963. Stanford.edu. Web. 1 July 2010. Office of Governor. â€Å"Biography.† Governor Jennifer M. Granholm State of Michigan. Michigan. Gov,n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. Schneider, Bill. â€Å"President Schwarzenegger—a potential blockbuster†. CNN.com, n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. The Constitution of the United States, Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5. The United States Consitution. U.S Constitution Online,n.d. Web. 28 July 2010. U.S. Department of Labor. â€Å"Elaine L. Chao.† Hall of Secretaries. Web. 28 July 2010.

Societal Implication Of Nanotechnology In Soil Improvement Environmental Sciences Essay

Abstract-Nanotechnology is an exciting and quickly emerging engineering leting us to work, pull strings and make tools, stuffs and constructions at the molecular degree, frequently atom by atom into functional constructions holding nanometer dimensions. Both developed and developing states are puting in this engineering to hold a market portion. Soil direction is playing of import function in agribusiness sector. Nanotechnology has opened up new chances to progress alimentary usage efficiency. With nanofertilizers comes out as options to conventional fertilisers, some researches had been conduct to better dirt direction, such as controlled release fertilisers ( CRF ) which released their alimentary contents bit by bit to carry through with the alimentary demand of a works. The social deductions of nanotechnology in dirt betterment emerged in many facets such as nanotechnology-specific ordinance should be introduced, compulsory labeling of all nanoproducts in nutrients is required ( o rdinance facet ) , nanomaterials in dirt fertiliser may make new possible wellness hazards, nanofertilizer may make new sorts of taint in dirts and waterways ( environment facet ) , marginalize poorer husbandmans ( economic system facets ) . The dirt betterment by nanotechnology must followed by a good direction and control from maker, authorities, public, and interest holders to undertake unwanted or negative deductions moreover. Keywords ; nanotechnology ; soil betterment ; controlled release fertilisers Introduction Nanotechnology has been described as the following new industrial revolution. Nanotechnology is broad involvement all over the universe and brings a new imaginativeness. The development of the topic has multiplied exponentially from a few old ages because of possibility to do things better and cheaper. The US National Nanotechnology Initiative ( NNI ) calls it â€Å" nanotechnology † merely if it contain all of the undermentioned: Research and engineering development from the atomic, molecular to macromolecular degrees, in graduated table of about 1 – 100 nanometre scope, bring forthing and utilizing constructions, devices and systems that have alone belongingss and maps, and capableness to command on the atomic graduated table. A nanometre is one-billionth of a metre. The thickness of a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometres ; diameter of a individual gold atom is about a 3rd of a nanometre. Different physical, chemical, and biological belongingss can look in stuff s at the nanoscale. These belongingss may be different from the belongingss of majority stuffs and individual atoms or molecules. The first ground why nanotechnology can germinate and emerge significantly because the intensifying research Fieldss of nanotechnology are normally thought to be extremely multidisciplinary because they come together from many countries of scientific discipline and engineering to do of import progresss ( Figure 1 ) . The word convergence means the united from different waies of antecedently tantamount but independent countries of scientific discipline and engineering. Second ground, Nanotechnology can be applied in many sectors from agribusiness, chemical, telecom, energy, and many more ( Figure 2 ) . It helps sectors to make new and advanced merchandises which better, more efficient, effectual, and cheaper. Figure 1. The place of nanoscience and nanotechnology over a basal map of scientific discipline in Science Citation Index ( SCI ) Both developed and developing states are puting in this engineering to obtain better market distribution. At 2004, the first state which had invested 2.943 billion Euros is USA. The 2nd is Japan about 2.29 billion Euros and the 3rd is the European Union about 1.94 billion Euros ( Figure 3 ) . The sum of support in developing states may be lesser ; nevertheless this has non turn down the impact of some states on the worldwide phase. India, South Korea, Iran, and Thailand are besides investing with applications particular to their economic development and demands of their states. Nanotechnologies may offer new solutions for the 1000000s of people in developing states who are short of accessing to indispensable demands, such as nutrient, H2O, energy, wellness attention, and instruction. Food Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) calculates about that 1.02 billion people are hungry all around the universe in 2009. The United Nations has agreed to construct Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) for work outing the jobs. One of MDG Goals is to extinguish utmost poorness and hungriness. This end can be achieved by nanotechnology encouragements harvest ‘s productiveness in agricultural sector. A new fertiliser, a better nutrient processing, and a new efficient and safe pesticides can be achieved by a new detector or techniques with nanotechnology enabled. Figure 3. Worldwide public and private outgo in 2004 Nanotechnologies may offer new solutions for the 1000000s of people in developing states who are short of accessing to indispensable demands, such as nutrient, H2O, energy, wellness attention, and instruction. Food Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) calculates about that 1.02 billion people are hungry all around the universe in 2009. The United Nations has agreed to construct Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) for work outing the jobs. One of MDG Goals is to extinguish utmost poorness and hungriness. This end can be achieved by nanotechnology encouragements harvest ‘s productiveness in agricultural sector. A new fertiliser, a better nutrient processing, and a new efficient and safe pesticides can be achieved by a new detector or techniques with nanotechnology enabled. Soil direction is playing of import function in agribusiness sector. Dirts are composite mixtures of solids with atom sizes about from nanometres to millimetres. Nanotechnology has brought up new chances to progress alimentary usage efficiency. With nanofertilizers emerging as replacement to conventional fertilisers, repairing foods in dirts better. It has helped to unwrap to new findings that works roots and micro-organisms can straight pick up alimentary ions from solid stage of minerals. Some researches had been done to better dirt direction, such as controlled release fertilisers ( CRF ) which is released their alimentary contents bit by bit to carry through the alimentary demand of a works. In 1996, the Polish applied a mixture of polysulfone and polyacrylonitrile as the surfacing stuff, and construct the industrial application of the fertiliser. The latest research is â€Å" Super combined fertiliser † and pesticide conducted by Pakistan-US Science and Technology Coopera tive Program 2006 to do fertiliser with slow release of active component, and application of fertiliser merely needs one clip through the life of the harvest. Figure 2. Nanotechnology toward perpendicular sectors The merchandises had been available in market which contains nanomaterials such as Primo MAXX works growing regulator which is manufactured by Syngenta. It contains 100nm atom size emulsion which alleged the highly little atom size allows Primo MAXX to intermix wholly with H2O and non remain in a spray armored combat vehicle. The last is Geohumus Soil Wetting Agent which is manufactured by Geohumus. It contains biocompatible high public presentation polymer which alleged dirt foil with H2O storage capacity based on nanotechnology. As nanotechnology improves the dirt direction patterns particularly in nanofertilizer, therefore hiking productiveness of harvests, there will be many deductions in society on many facets. The facets that we will discourse are ordinance, wellness issue, environments, and economic system. This paper seeks to help common people to understand the deductions and therefore assisting people to expect and extenuate any jobs or negatives deductions.DiscussionRegulationThere are four chief issues in ordinance facet. They are precautional rule, hazard direction ordinance, compulsory labeling and transparence. First issue is precautional rule. Nanomaterials in nanofertilizer should be regard as a new chemical affair and should be treated in precautional rule. The precautional rule is principle in moral and political that if action, policy, or merchandise may do injury to the people or to environment, where there is no scientific discipline cogent evidence otherwise, the duty to turn out is on t he people who taking the action. Before nanofertilizer available in market, the authorities should analyze from the fiction procedure until waste direction ( cradle to sculpt appraisals ) . Government must utilize precautional attack to halt the release of manufactured nanomaterials until there is sufficient cogent evidence that the benefits out without any bad effects. Nanotechnology-specific ordinance should be published to protect the populace, workers and the environment from impending new hazards related with nanotoxicity [ 14 ] . Second issue is risk direction ordinance. The authorities must hold a hazard direction ordinance about nanomaterials in nanofertilizer. Risk direction consists of jeopardy appraisal, jeopardy word picture, and exposure appraisal. Hazard appraisals are designation of the intrinsic capacity of a substance to do harmful effects, without trouble of such effects and quantitative rating of bad effects following exposure to a chemical stuff. Exposure appraisal is quantitative rating of exposure of worlds and the environment to the substance. Risk word picture is quantitative appraisal of the chance that a bad consequence will happen, and of its trouble and period under defined exposure fortunes [ 16 ] . Third issue is compulsory labeling. Compulsory labeling of all nanofoods is needed to do people to take the nutrients what is good for them [ 15 ] . Labeling is of import issue because it can consequence of nanofood ‘s sale. Many manufacturers love to conceal the facts that their merchandises grew utilizing nanofertilizer because many people afraid to purchase a new engineering in their nutrient. This job can be solved by market instruction through a batch and good of advertisement and authorities blessing. The last issue is transparency. Public must cognize all relevant informations related to safety rating, and the methodological analysiss used to obtain them. The populace should hold the chance to be involved in determination doing about in the nanofood and agribusiness sector with nanotechnology enabled. Manufacturers and ordinance must work together to do certain that their merchandises have been passed appropriate safety testing, and must give the relevant informations about the wellness and environmental safety of their merchandise [ 14 ] .HealthNanomaterials in nanofertilizer may make new possible hazards. The grounds are nanomaterials are more reactive, greater entree than larger atoms. This leads into nanotoxic that may impact human immune system and longer clip. Human may hold nanomaterial and acquire ill because the defensive system is non good at taking nanomaterial which is more adhesive and easy to infiltrate into human tissues and cells. A new device or detector is needed to observe happenings of nanomaterials in human organic structure. The detector should be accurate, fast, and easy to utilize for ordinary people like thermometer. As nanomaterial had taken to human organic structure, we need tools, medical specialty or surgery process to take unwanted nanomaterials. The medical specialty should be cheaper and easy to get where nanofertilizer applied. The workers in nanofertilizer fiction may hold higher degrees of nanomaterial exposure than the populace. The husbandman and the workers who applied nanofertilizer are more vulnerable to nanomaterial exposures. Therefore, a lastingness and good defender such as a new masquerader and glove must be worn all the times when using nanofertilizer. The standard process operation ( SOP ) when using nanofertilizer should be more item and accurate than SOP in ordinary chemical fertiliser.EnviromentAgricultural merchandises incorporating nanomaterials from production, usage, and disposal will dispatch nanomaterials into the environment. There is a alteration when nanofertilizer will hold bad ecological consequence to environment worse than conventional fertiliser because of let go ofing new sorts of dirt and waterway ‘s taint [ 14 ] . Conventional fertiliser showed some bad consequence such as overgrowth H2O jacinth and algae in pool because of inordinate food in the H2O, therefore killin g other being beneath the works. The rain can rinse off nanofertilizer from dirts to waterways. Nanomaterials in nanofertilizer can respond with micro-organism in the H2O. It may ensue in micro-organism loss or booming. The environment may besides endure from uncontrolled growing of unwanted workss. Some waterways in few states used as natural stuff to carry through H2O supplies. A new H2O filter is needed to take unwanted nanomaterials to clean up the H2O before administering to community. Some utile bacteriums in the dirt may endure because reaction with nanomaterials or in other ways unwanted bacteriums is dining therefore it do land debasement. The effects of nanofertilizer even in really small life should be monitored all the timesEconomyThe agribusiness and nutrient industries show nanotechnology patents have been increased really fast. Patents on seeds, pesticide, fertiliser and other techniques in agribusiness and nutrient are already controlled amongst a few large corporations in several developed states. N anotechnology is high barrier engineering, means lone states with good fiscal beginnings and good committedness can command and monopolise nanotechnology along with private companies. Nanofertilizer ‘s monetary value and supply in the universe may order merely by a few companies in developed states. These developed states normally introduce the new engineering into developing states by government-government ( G-G ) understandings. The developed states provide nanofertilizer with inexpensive monetary value in 5 or 10 old ages to developing husbandmans in the name of assistance. If the husbandman is going depended on nanofertilizer to hike their harvest ‘s productiveness, the companies will increase the monetary value and play the supplies to the husbandman. Some states may subsidise the husbandman to purchase nanofertilizer. The companies will hold net income enormously because the husbandman in developing states is abundant. In the terminal, husbandman in developing states may be marginalising of this capitalist economy actionDecisionsNanotechnology is an emerging new engineering. Nanotechnology has opened up new opportunities to better food usage efficiency. The development of nanofertilizer should be good calculated with sustainable agribusiness patterns to extinguish po orness and hungriness in the universe. Hiking the harvests ‘ productiveness is the same importance as prolonging the environment and human wellness. The dirt betterment by nanotechnology must followed by a good direction and control from industry, authorities, public, and interest holders to undertake unwanted or negative deductions furthermore

Free Essays on A Perfect Day For Bananfish

â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† was written by J. D. Salinger as a one of The Nine Stories. â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† tells the life of Seymour Glass at a time when he is struggling to find peace in his life after returning home from World War II. Seymour’s struggle emanates from psychological effects of the war, alienation from society and the lack of compassion from his wife. In the story, a bananafish is a fish that swims into a hole in the ocean and eats bananas. These bananas represent things that are taken and consumed along the journey to adulthood. But, if pursued with too much urgency, these bananas can prevent spiritual development and lead to a greater materialistic development. Seymour and his wife, Muriel, have different views on life; he wants to see a beautiful world of meaning, while she wants to be beautiful in a world without depth. Muriel’s lack of compassion concerning Seymour’s emotional state drives him further to dislike the adult world. Seymour realizes that he cannot get rid of enough bananas to make further spiritual progress in life, so, rather than waste time, he commits suicide. This is slightly obvious when he is taking the elevator back up to his room on the afternoon of his suicide. In the elevator he has a fixation upon his feet, which do not reassemble childlike feet that he desires to have. Seymour believes a woman in the elevator is looking at his feet and becomes defensive. The women’s scorn attitude towards Seymour encourages him to believe that his suicide will give him the chance he wants, and needs, to start all over again. Seymour willingly takes that chance. Seymour’s mental state from the war, along with the harsh treatment from adults around him causes his suicide. He is the bananafish who cannot escape the hole and achieve the spiritualism and childlike characteristics that he desires. J. D. Salinger’s use of the image of a Bananafish has more complexity than fi... Free Essays on A Perfect Day For Bananfish Free Essays on A Perfect Day For Bananfish â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† was written by J. D. Salinger as a one of The Nine Stories. â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish† tells the life of Seymour Glass at a time when he is struggling to find peace in his life after returning home from World War II. Seymour’s struggle emanates from psychological effects of the war, alienation from society and the lack of compassion from his wife. In the story, a bananafish is a fish that swims into a hole in the ocean and eats bananas. These bananas represent things that are taken and consumed along the journey to adulthood. But, if pursued with too much urgency, these bananas can prevent spiritual development and lead to a greater materialistic development. Seymour and his wife, Muriel, have different views on life; he wants to see a beautiful world of meaning, while she wants to be beautiful in a world without depth. Muriel’s lack of compassion concerning Seymour’s emotional state drives him further to dislike the adult world. Seymour realizes that he cannot get rid of enough bananas to make further spiritual progress in life, so, rather than waste time, he commits suicide. This is slightly obvious when he is taking the elevator back up to his room on the afternoon of his suicide. In the elevator he has a fixation upon his feet, which do not reassemble childlike feet that he desires to have. Seymour believes a woman in the elevator is looking at his feet and becomes defensive. The women’s scorn attitude towards Seymour encourages him to believe that his suicide will give him the chance he wants, and needs, to start all over again. Seymour willingly takes that chance. Seymour’s mental state from the war, along with the harsh treatment from adults around him causes his suicide. He is the bananafish who cannot escape the hole and achieve the spiritualism and childlike characteristics that he desires. J. D. Salinger’s use of the image of a Bananafish has more complexity than fi...

Where the Anzacs fighting for Australia or something else essays

Where the Anzacs fighting for Australia or something else essays Were the Anzacs fighting for Australia or the Empire - or something else? The complexities of life during the early half of the 19th century were exemplified in August of 1914. The Great War offered Australians their first chance at forging a national identity, not only for ourselves but also in the eyes of the rest of the world. In the space of eight months Australias nationhood changed irrevocably as Ross Terrill states, At Gallipoli quirks of timing and circumstance, plus wonderful courage and loyalty, gave the young nation an event to turn into legend . This idea of a young nation seeking identity was one of the main reasons for the bravery and courage witnessed on the blood stained, sandy slopes of Gallipoli. The great test in which we needed to prove our worth was upon us, and from that Cove a nation was born. The early Australian newspaper, The Argus, described it as our Baptism of Blood . As Terrill quotes, The Anzac legend joined the bush legend. Both were soon infused with nostalgia for a failed or abandoned cause . Australias need to forge an identity, independent from Britain, is one of the main reasons for Australias volunteer civilian involvement in World War One. Although eighteen percent of the enlisted men in the AIF (Australian Imperial Force), were of British stock , they were second generation middle class families who needed Australia to succeed if they were to prosper. Malcolm Stirling was fighting for something else though, as Richard White surmises, Australians did not necessarily join the war for the same reasons Australia did . For Stirling, and a great many other young men from respectable middle class families who saw no real dissonance between public and private life...notions of pride, duty, honour, sacrifice, loyalty and self-respect...not just for the empire but for his intimate family rel ...

Sing a Spanish Version of Deck the Halls

Sing a Spanish Version of Deck the Halls Here is a Spanish version of the popular Christmas song Deck the Halls. Note that this song isnt a translation of the English but rather a Christmas-themed song that uses the same tune. Ya lleg la Navidad  ¡Ya llegà ³ la Navidad!  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. ¡Quà © alegre se siente el alma!  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.Vamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. Apà ³stoles y magos vienen  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.Adorar al tierno nià ±o.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la Por doquiera llevaremos  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laMensaje de buenas nuevas  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la Translation Here is a translation of this Spanish song omitting the fa-la-la refrain: Christmas is already here! How happy the soul feels!Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Apostles and magi come to worship the tender boy.Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Lets carry the message of good news everywhere.Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Vocabulary and Grammar Notes Note how in Spanish only the first word and the proper noun Navidad are capitalized in the songs title. The same pattern is used for other composition titles such as the names of novels and movies. Ya is a common adverb that has many translations but generally is used as a way of adding emphasis. Llegà ³ is the singular third-person preterite form of llegar, which means to arrive. The Spanish verb is used in a figurative way, as here, more often than the English verb. Navidad is the Spanish word for Christmas. It is frequently used, as here, with the definite article la. In Spanish, it is not unusual to place the subject after the verb, as is done in the first line.  ¡Quà © adjective! is a common way of saying How adjective! Vamos is the first-person plural imperative of ir, the verb for to go. Vamos a infinitive is the usual way to say lets go verb. Vienen is a form of the irregular verb venir. Por doquiera is a shortened form of por dondequiera, meaning everywhere. This shortened form is found primarily in songs and poetic writing. Llevaremos is the first-person plural form of llevar, which usually means to carry.

Pathophosiology of sepsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathophosiology of sepsis - Essay Example Thus, it is relevant to take control over body temperature, heartbeat and other indicators of a potential threat of sepsis. A presence of two of the following four factors can indicate sepsis: Nowadays the scientists are persuaded by the fact that inflammatory response of septic patients is the result of either immuno-stimulation or immune-suppression. Such kind of cells, as neutrophils remains activated, though other changes in cells can be accelerated in a negative way (Sibbald, Neviere, 2000). Consequently, it is relevant to look for effective means of sepsis treatment. Metabolic changes are present, though they require a scrutinized and detailed monitoring. From this perspective, medical literature outlines that there is no a single mediator/system/pathway/pathogen, triggering the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis is a vicious disease, because it cannot be properly controlled and it is really hard to regulate it or sustain a process of medical treatment of it. The most challenging aspect of the disease is that there is a direct interaction between the cells and infection is transferred from one cell to another. Organ injury is essential and patients suffer much from e xcessive skin inury, immunosuppression and anergy. Moreover, sepsis can lead to the multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS) (Sibbald, Neviere, 2000). Therefore, it is relevant to take control over inflammatory processes, when different tissues are subjected to

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creativity - Essay Example Morris 2006 gives a different definition of creativity when compared to the thoughts of the author of this paper. Morris suggests that the characteristics of creativity firstly involves ‘thinking or behaving imaginatively.’ Secondly, creativity is ‘imaginative’, thirdly, ‘something original’ must be the result of the process and fourthly, ‘the outcome must be of value in relation to the objective.’ Further, Morris adds additional elements to this definition. Creativity is also seen as the connection of body and mind in search of ‘new knowledge’ and includes a ‘risk’ factor in its outlook. (Pann Baltz, quoted in Morris 2006) If creativity is determined by one’s willingness to allow oneself to explore one’s inner workings then clearly some people are more ceative than others. Just like some leaders are born and some are made I believe that creativity within a particular individual can be nurtured to develop into an awesome resource. It is therefore dependent on the environment and the level of encouragement that one obtains that boosts creativity. Howard Gardner in his theory on multiple intelligences suggests that each individual can learn in different ways. Hence one can deduce that individuals can be creative in distinctive ways as well. Pablo Picasso claims that â€Å"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.† Children in particular are naturally creative. They are curious, imaginative, purposeful and appreciate beauty. Therefore there is an innate dimension of creativity deposited in the young at heart. In the same vein , however, children’s natural creativity can be stifled and destroyed by some adults who refuse to allow them to explore and demonstrate their inner self. We can encourage children to be creative by giving them the latitude they need to explore their inner being and their environment to

United States support for European Integration Term Paper

United States support for European Integration - Term Paper Example While the European integration unfolded during the Cold War, the United States expressed and entered its support for a more united Europe. Much issue was attributed to such support, primarily because of the fact that a united Europe might eventually create a potential diplomatic and strategic rival to the United States. However, others are quick to point out that such support was extended because the United States has always been supportive of European success. Various theories have been suggested explaining the US support for European integration. This paper shall discuss two of these theories, and it will establish how these theories would explain this series of choices, and how the two theories would tend to agree and disagree with one another on this question. This essay would also evaluate how, based on these explanations, and what would be expected for the future of US-EU relations. It shall also consider which explanation and which theory’s predictions would I find more compelling, and why. Body The United States supported the European integration because it believed that a united Europe would be within the purview of the United States and its national security (Ekovich, 2009). They believed that an integrated Europe would further support the region’s democratic goals. ... These two countries have had stormy relations with each other for a long while, further exacerbated during the Second World War. Americans saw European integration as a means of forging renewed relations between these two countries. The Americans also believed that the integration would provide a venue for more American businesses in Europe, thereby also helping to manage decision-making processes (Morgan, 2005). The integration has made negotiations easier, with one individual speaking for several countries in order to establish significant decisions. In effect, separate and multiple negotiations were negated in the long run. American also believed that a stronger European integration and economy was in the best interest of the US and Europe (Morgan, 2005). The integration simplifies business transactions, making Europe a more favorable recipient of American investments. Emotional affinity can be significant in managing views on political actors and objects, especially when other co gnitive standards of reference do not sufficiently apply (Chong, 2000). Possible aversion toward the European integration is not based on cost/benefit evaluations or cognitive mobilization; however it is based on the fear of other cultures (McLaren, 2002, p. 553). The foundation of such approach or decision is even more persuasive due to the fact that the European Union is not just an international regime which is meant to decrease barriers to trade, or decrease the costs of transaction in intergovernmental bargaining. In fact, the EU is shaping up as its own policy-maker, and seems to pose a threat to the national integrity and sovereignty of the region (McLaren, 2002). America does not support such possibility, however it does favor the

Arguments against Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arguments against Gay Marriage - Essay Example It is naturally ordered towards procreation and bringing up a family. On the contrary, gay marriages are inherently sterile unions. For partners to have children, they must circumvent natural means through costly alternatives or employ surrogates. With the partners belonging to the same sex, the union ignores a child’s best interests by denying it the presence of a father or mother (Boswell 11). Gay marriages defeat the government’s purpose of benefiting marriages (Moore et al 6). Governments depend on stable families for the social health of the society they govern. One of the reasons they bestow benefits to marriages is that by their pure nature, marriages are recognized as the key institutions responsible for creating and raising society. A faltering family falters society. Opposite sex marriages raise children in a natural and morally acceptable atmosphere, providing both parents’ affection (Moore et al 14). Gay marriages lack such conditions. Their primary purpose is the personal pleasure of two individuals in a sterile union and is, therefore, not entitled to the protection most States extend to opposite-sex marriages (Moore et al 15).  Ã‚  

Indian economy(international business) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indian economy(international business) - Essay Example The value of the Indian Rupee against the U.S. Dollar is presently unfavorable. The economic boom of the last few years that had created new markets for the disposable wealth of the affluent middle class is also accompanied by high interest rates. Although the government’s decision to increase interest rates is done to balance the welfare of the poor with the economic boom, it is certainly expected to pull back the rate of growth. The growth rate of around eight percent, seen in the last four years, is bound to fall as a result. This prospect has made Indian business leaders a little uncomfortable. While large corporations can overcome this hurdle by borrowing from other countries, the small and medium scale businesses will undoubtedly suffer. Since the starting of the liberalization and deregulation phase, the country has largely come to depend on private corporations for infrastructure development. The successive governments during the last 15 years have been reluctant to initiate infrastructure projects – as raising taxes would result in unfavorable public opinion. But a country’s economic advancement is inevitable linked to its infrastructure and one cannot manifest without the other. This flaw had already started to expose some limitations. The meager budgetary allocation for highways and railroads had led to a substandard transportation facilities. Government investments in energy, water-treatment and sewage-treatment plants had been disproportionately low. Such a scenario will not lure trans-national companies to set up operations in India as it had done in the past. They may alternatively look east towards countries like China, Taiwan and Philippines that are more advanced in this regard. India’s English speaking elite have been the backbone behind the recent prosperity. It is to this section of the population that many jobs from the United States and Britain are outsourced. But the standard of education had failed to adapt to the

Arguments against Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arguments against Gay Marriage - Essay Example It is naturally ordered towards procreation and bringing up a family. On the contrary, gay marriages are inherently sterile unions. For partners to have children, they must circumvent natural means through costly alternatives or employ surrogates. With the partners belonging to the same sex, the union ignores a child’s best interests by denying it the presence of a father or mother (Boswell 11). Gay marriages defeat the government’s purpose of benefiting marriages (Moore et al 6). Governments depend on stable families for the social health of the society they govern. One of the reasons they bestow benefits to marriages is that by their pure nature, marriages are recognized as the key institutions responsible for creating and raising society. A faltering family falters society. Opposite sex marriages raise children in a natural and morally acceptable atmosphere, providing both parents’ affection (Moore et al 14). Gay marriages lack such conditions. Their primary purpose is the personal pleasure of two individuals in a sterile union and is, therefore, not entitled to the protection most States extend to opposite-sex marriages (Moore et al 15).  Ã‚  

Probability Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Probability Games - Essay Example The coin flip has only two probable outcomes, that is, either it is heads or tails. One flipped the coin twenty times and got a result of eleven heads and nine tails. Although flipping a coin is said to have an equal chance of coming up on either side, one’s experience did not have such a result. This may be due to the fact that the experiment was only made twenty times. According to frequentists, â€Å"the probability of getting a heads is 1/2, not because there are two equally likely outcomes but because repeated series of large numbers of trials demonstrate that the empirical frequency converges to the limit 1/2 as the number of trials goes to infinity† (Edurite.com, n.d.). ` When one played the dice roll, one realized that the outcomes are much more than the coin flip because each die has six sides. The other die has also six sides; thus, rolling the two dice at the same time would mean that there are greater possible outcomes. It is therefore harder to predict the results of the dice roll than the coin flip. The method that will be difficult for children to understand is the theoretical method because it is difficult to imagine it. Experimental probabilities are easier to understand because they can see it clearly, such as the coin flipping. For children, using formulas to determine the probabilities is quite a challenge. Through the games that one played, one learned that in determining probabilities, it is important that one knows what the likely outcomes of the experiment are. One also learned that some outcomes may have equal likely outcomes while others may be mutually exclusive events (Homepages.ius.edu, n.d.). There are also some events which may be non-mutually exclusive, which means that some events may have common outcomes (Homepages.ius.edu, n.d.). The study of probabilities is very relevant to decision making. Although, the experiment that one performed by playing the coin flip and the dice roll may not be so important,

Sources of Criminal Law Essay Example for Free

Sources of Criminal Law Essay A statute is a codified rule or written form of law. A statute identifies a particular rule of law or condition of a particular state or government. Each State has its own constitution; the states constitution and its laws are considered statutes. Generally, statutes are named through numbers or codes. Example: In Illinois, the definition of a forcible felony is found under : 720 ILCS 5/2-8. 720 is the criminal code, ILCS stands for Illinois Compiled Statutes, 5/2-8 specifies the location of the rule. The term, â€Å"Throw the book at you† refers to the book of statutes or book of laws of the state. Throwing the book at you means they are charging you with as many things in the statute book as they can. Statutes define everything we do in government, they are the laws passed by our representatives in congress or the state senate. These laws deal with everything from crimes, to taxes, to how to get a speed bump put in on a county road. Statutes are rules of law enacted by government and can be challenged as violating one or more of your constitutionally protected rights. VS. Common law comes from the old English system of law we copied here in the US. Common law is the practice of enforcing rules we have followed in the past. Common law is defined by cases through the idea of precedent. Precedent is simply applying the same rule that did before. Citing precedent is like saying; â€Å"you did this before, so do it again.† Example: Common law is the same idea as most parents employ with their kids. If you punished one child for biting a classmate by sending them to their room, you will also give your next child the same punishment if they bite a classmate. This is because historically, the punishment for biting was being sent to ones room. Thus, that punishment becomes the common law or common rule. The concept of Stare Decisis adds another element to common law. Just like at your home with your kids, the courts can change the rules on us. However, the only court that can change the rule is the highest court to have addressed the issue. Basically, add chain of command to precedent. Example: If the Supreme Court of the US (highest Court in the entire US) makes a rule: such as the rule requiring all arrested person to be given Miranda rights, NO other court can change that rule except the US Supreme Court. Therefore every state has to follow that rule! Stare Decisis goes further though: If the US Supreme court decides NOT to address that issue and the highest court to hear the case was the Illinois Supreme Court, ONLY the Illinois courts have to follow the rule. This system goes all the way down to the courts in your area. If no courts have ever issued an opinion regarding the issue in the case at the district (trial court) level then they can apply any rule they see fit. How does this work? Statutes say what the rules of law are, Common law or case law defines how they are applied. Example: The constitution is a statute and this 2nd amendment says â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† The statute can be read many different ways: Scholars debate whether the right to bear arms is a right you have all the time as a citizen or only in connection with militia service Common law or Case Law defines what the statutes mean. As recently as 2008, the Supreme Court was defining what the words of this statute (2nd Amend.) mean, the Supreme Court held, â€Å"The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes† District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008). Our laws come from both Common Law and are made up by statute: Many of our laws come from common law and are then â€Å"codified† (formally written) into statutes. For example, most rules of evidence in a court room are defined by common law but have been â€Å"codified† into formal statutes like the Federal Rules of Evidence. The concept of hearsay came from the common law of England. Requirements for a criminal Act Statutes define everything about a law. They lay out the Elements of a Crime. Elements of a crime are the specific conditions that need to be satisfied to be found guilty of a particular crime. Elements may include a person’s state of mind or mens rea. For example: to commit the crime of 1 degree murder (every state defines things and terms things slightly differently) most states require that the State prove the accused intended to commit the crime. To do this, some amount of evidence must show that the persons action were not accidental but intentional. Therefore the persons intent is said to be an element of the crime. Other elements of the crime of murder include: a dead body. Motivation or motive is NOT an element of a crime because motive is not a condition that must be met to commit the act. You don’t have to have a reason to kill someone Due Process The idea of Due Process comes from the 5th and 14th amendments of the US Constitution. The 14th Amendment applies the right to Due Process to every state and any law enacted by the states. Due Process is simple. It means that the government cannot take anything from you; not your house; not your liberty; not your life; not a single cent without affording you the right to process of law. Process of law can be very broad; it can mean a criminal trial, an administrative hearing or anything in between. This is why you can contest every ticket you ever get including speeding, jaywalking, or even code violations. This right says no citizen can have anything taken from them by the government without the right to their day in court. References District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).

The Applications of ICT- Shopping :: ICT Essays

The Applications of ICT- Shopping Supermarkets and checkouts. The advancements in the technological world have allowed supermarket chains and other national stores to quickly dominate the market and are driving out the concept of the ‘local stores’. This surge in the market has seen shares rise and profits bulge with the three main contenders in mind being Sainsburys, Safeways and Tescos who now serve the whole of the UK between them and are the household names of the shopping world. The ICT input to these businesses is vital in that it provides speedy service; controls stock levels and will even allow bank balance transfers to be carried out with minimal difficulty or technical experience. The ‘till’, arguably a simple word has been given several names in the information technology world depending on the tasks, which the one in question can perform. Â · POS- Point Of Sale terminal (ordinary checkout) Â · EPOS- Electronic Point Of Sale terminal (Checkout connected to a computer data base using a laser scanner to read bar codes). Â · EFTPOS- Electronic Funds Transfer Point Of Sale (the same as EPOS with the capability to make transfers for customers to pay for goods via credit or debit cards. The checkout uses the ICC (integrated chip card which is very popular on the continent) or Magnetic strip on the card to request the information of the user to see whether or not they are eligible to make an EFT. The magnetic strip can only hold a limited amount of data such that an 11 or so digit code is sufficient to recall the same data from the bank servers. The ICC however can hold much more information and is much harder to copy or have data changed by criminals or hackers. The checkouts used in modern supermarket chains are all capable of EFT and are therefore all considered EFTPOS. In the next few years checkouts or ‘tills’ in all retail shops will use the ICC Barcodes The goods found in supermarkets are labelled with barcodes used to identify specific items on a central database. When the good is scanned a request is sent from the checkout to this main database where the request is handled and the appropriate information returned to that terminal and the correct amount reduced from the stock of that item. The bar codes are formed of lines of different widths and as each line represents a number the resulting code is the information sent to the main computer.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay -- English Literature

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde This novel is more than just a traditional horror story as it has many hidden and complex meanings and explanations, of what seem and would have normally before this book, been simple events. Stevenson has very strong opinions and some are expressed in the book. A traditional horror story would either be a super natural In this novel Stevenson's characters, Jekyll and Hyde, are stereotypes of people who are 'good' and 'evil'. The good is the friendly doctor (the caring profession) and the evil is the hunched, ugly murderer. These two stereotypes combine to create the average man who has the capacity to be both 'good' and 'evil', and they have both 'good' and 'evil' thoughts and emotions. All people have the same emotions, some good and some bad and, like Hyde, when you follow the evil emotions like hate, jealousy and revenge, you are considered evil. Jekyll and Hyde both have these 'evil' emotions but what makes Jekyll 'good' is that he hides them, Jekyll is driven by reason whereas Hyde is driven by desire, he'll do what he wants when he wants. Londonand Jekyll's Houses The street where Jekyll lives is described as merely an anonymous street in London, whose shop fronts "like rows of smiling women" have a brightness that stands out in contrast to the dingy neighborhood. And yet on this street, two doors from the corner, stands a dreary, Gothic house, which "bore in every feature the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence." As we proceed further in the novel, Jekyll's houses will be seen to have their own connection with the characters prosperous, respectable, as well as threatening, mysterious, and sinister. It is clear by each of its two appearances the respectable; Je... ...public has seen only a veneer of my real self." This is true due mostly to the fact that no one knew Mr. Hyde was a part of Dr. Jekyll. Jekyll constantly emphasizes the greatness of his background. He reminds us of his wealthy family, and great education. But he also states "that man is not truly one, but truly two." Dr. Jekyll needed something, or someone to represent the evil which has built up inside of him. He created this through experiments, which lead to a potion. This potion transformed him anytime he wanted. He was transformed into Mr. Hyde. Evil is just a small portion of men, perhaps that is why Mr. Hyde had a dwarfish appearance. The main point was that the potion took over his life, and Dr. Jekyll finally realizes he is unable to transform back into his goodness. He attempts to commit suicide, as this is his only way of destroying Mr. Hyde.

Competitor Analysis of Dahlie Essay

Main Competitors Although Darlie has gained a large market share in the toothpaste market in Malaysia, it still faced the competition from other toothpaste companies in this industry. The two of the main competitors of Darlie in the market are Sensodyne and Colgate. As the world largest producer and manufacturer of toothpaste, Colgate becomes the greatest competitor of Darlie. Colgate has survived in this industry for such a long time and has established its influence among the customers. It has successfully making the customers to have brand loyalty toward Colgate. Besides that, Colgate has different types of toothpaste, which can satisfy different needs of the customers. This has fulfilled the needs and wants of the customers and directly competes with Darlie as the product range of Colgate and Darlie are quite similar. Nowadays, a lot of people are facing different types of teeth problems, such as sensitive teeth, gum disease and tooth decay. Therefore, they tend to buy the toothpaste which can he lp them to solve their teeth problems. Sensodyne is focusing on solving sensitive teeth problem and is recommended by dentist to be used. It has shaped the brand image of Sensodyne to become professional and high class toothpaste. Therefore, although Darlie also has their own sensitive teeth toothpaste, people still prefer Sensodyne as the look for the brand image. Therefore, Colgate and Sensodyne become two of the main competitors for Darlie in Malaysia toothpaste market. Comparison of Colgate and Its Competitors Darlie Colgate Sensodyne Market share in Malaysia In 2011, Darlie’s market share is 31%. In 2011, Colgate’s market share is 60%. In 2011, Sensodyne’s market share is 5%. Target customer Their target customers are those urban people who are above 18 years old, and pay attention to their oral health. The target customer is mothers with kids who make toothpaste buying decisions for the family and people who care for their oral health. The target customer is the adults from 20 to 60 years old who faced sensitive teeth problem. Promotion Using websites, advertisements and TV commercial to advertise. Having promotions in supermarket. Using website, advertisement, and TV commercial to advertise. Having some promotions by giving free gifts. Colgate School Program: give out free samples to kids and teach kids the way to brush teeth properly. Bright Smile, Bright Future program: promote the importance of oral health through education and prevention. Using websites, various advertisements and TV commercial to attract customers. Promotion through dentist and dental clinic. â€Å"Chill Test† in hypermarket. Price The price range of Colgate is between RM7.95 to RM10.60. The most expensive toothpaste is Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief. The cheapest toothpaste is the Colgate Regular tube. The price range of Sensodyne toothpaste is from RM9.90 to RM12.90. Product Having different range and types of toothpaste. For instance, fresh breath, whitening, sensitive teeth and enamel protection. Specializing in the preservation and treatment of oral hygiene. Create an array of 40 different patented toothpastes keeping Colgate competitive. Having 13 different classifications and varieties of Colgate toothpaste. Consists of different types of toothpaste, but mainly focuses on the sensitive teeth issue. Place Almost at all supermarket and mini market. Very convenience to buy it. Almost all super markets and pharmacies carry Colgate Toothpaste. Can sometimes be found in more prominent locations when on sale or launching new products into the market. Distributed indirectly. Available in all hypermarkets, supermarkets and pharmacies, Chinese medical halls and mini markets in Malaysia. Length of time in business Darlie started its business since 1933. It has taken 80 years in the toothpaste industry. Colgate-Palmolive started its business in 1806. It has taken 207 years in the toothpaste industry. GSK produced Sensodyne in 1961. It has taken 52 years in the toothpaste market. (Source from: Colgate, 2013 and Sensodyne, 2013)

Latin American History Essay

According to Chasteen (2006), Latin America can be regarded as either having a single history or not. The twenty countries can be said to have a common history due to them being similar in more ways than one. When looked at from a different perspective, they can also be said not to have a single history because these countries’ history cannot be accurately and fully described in one story. This article will explore Chasteens’ views with the aim of establishing if his views are accurate. Jose Maria Caicedo was the first one to refer to this geographical region as ‘Latin America† The introduction of this name encompassed both the Spaniards and French speaking people occupying the lands. Latin America is comprised of countries found in the south of the United States of America and maybe sub-divided into regions namely; Carribean, Central America, South America and North America. Latin America is the 4th largest Continent on planet Earth. History shows that the entry and exit of regions into and out of Latin America was a gradual transition that cannot be traced to specific dates. One common feature of these countries is the European conquest and colonization. Christopher Columbus arrived there in 1942, consequently opening them up to the world. Eventually, the region was taken over by European powers comprised of Portugal and Spain, who introduced diseases such as small pox in order to weaken the indigenous populace. Many died, while the survivors were subjected to forced labor. Eventually independence was attained between 1810 and 1830 through a string of freedom fighters. The Latin American republics also share a religion because during the period of colonization, the Roman Catholic Church was introduced in order to override the traditions of the natives. It became the major economic – political power and the authorized religion of the land. Most of the republics of Latin America, spoke the languages of romance, which were French and Spanish, with Spanish being the main dialect. Another language that was spoken is Portuguese. These dialects existed because these countries were colonized by Spain and Portugal. Some countries e. g. Guyane speak English, Suriname speaks Dutch and Brasilia speaks Portuguese. The Latin American nations possess a rich ethnicity in the make-up of the populace. We find the Amerindians who are the Aborigins, then there are the Blacks who were slaves brought in from Africa, the Asians who were traders from Japan and China, Mestizos were as a result of inter-marriage between the Europeans and the Amerindians and the Mulattoes from marriages between Europeans and Africans. The Whites were composed of the Spaniards and French and last but not least were the Zambos who came up as a result of mixed marriages between Africans and Amerindians. Another common trait was the signing of the International Human Rights Treaties by the 20 Latin American countries and the 28 Post Communist countries. The treaties addressed civil liberties, freedoms of speech, assembly, association, movement, religion and the independence of courts. Civil liberties of Latin American countries had been smothered by the Communist rule, which eventually collapsed between 1989 and 1991. Human rights and democratic self governance rights significantly improved across the countries after the fall of communism. This improvement was triggered by the increased shining of the spotlight on conduction of open and just elections. Personal integrity privileges remained explosive as they were for the most part affected by the struggle involving government and guerrilla movements. Crowley (1993) says the rights experienced a stunted improvement but nevertheless started showing progress as from 1991. The Latin American countries went through a state of dependency and neo-colonialism. Grandin (2004) wrote that in order to safeguard its economic interest, USA provided fiscal, military and moral support to the non-independent countries. Liberalization was initiated from 1989, though the Soviet and Yugoslav conflict continuously hindered growth. However, progress could by 1993 because there were more liberal and semi-liberal countries, and an increased show of respect for individuals’ rights to own property. In conclusion, it can be said that not only are the Latin American countries unified geographically, but across the cultural, economic, religious and historical background. Their masters without knowing united these countries, creating a wealthy people, empowered to transform their continent into a resourceful and culturally rich continent. References Chasteen J. C. (2006). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Crowley, W. and Timothy P. (1991). Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. New Jersey: Princeton: Princeton University Press. Grandin, G. (2004). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Vietnam - Watergate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vietnam - Watergate - Essay Example US attacks in Cambodia were one of the fundamental causes of escalation of the Vietnam War. Likewise, the Gulf of Tonkin was another event that paved the way for greater involvement of the US in the Vietnam War. The event caused distrust between the people and the American government because the consequences of the attacks were contrary to what the government had conveyed to the public. While President Lyndon B. Johnson said that the US did not want to expand the war (Hickman), the Gulf of Tonkin actually produced the opposite effects. The media played a very important role in revealing the truth and the real awfulness of the war to the public. This particularly created distrust between the people and the government because the media was showing the opposite picture than what was being shown by the government. Walter Cronkite had made a good reputation as a reporter among the people since the World War II. In his reports about the Vietnam War, Cronkite concluded that after all the ki llings and genocides, the US did not win the war and the war ended in stalemate. â€Å"Cronkites editorial would later be regarded as a critical indice of public opinion of the Vietnam War† (â€Å"The Reporters†). One of the events of the Watergate War that led to the cynicism were the audio recordings of the US President Richard Nixon’s communications along with the recordings of the White House staff and various officials. They were known as the Nixon White House tapes. The recorders were switched off after the public got to hear the recordings. During the 1970s, a political scandal known as the Watergate scandal attracted a lot of public attention and became the cause of resignation of the US President Nixon. On 1 March 1974, numerous former aides of Nixon were indicted by a grand jury because of the conspiracy of impeding the Watergate investigation. â€Å"In 1973, a Senate

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

2 - Assignment Example Therefore, I will have to respond to the review publicly and make it professional (Couzin and Grappone 14). In my response, I will thank the client for the feedback and explain why the cafe allows children events. I will then explain to other clients or readers of the review page that they will not face the same issue because the cafe has worked out a solution to the issue. This will be to ensure that child minders, parents and all the other responsible parties keep all children under the control at all times. Therefore, it is not expected that presence of the children in Broadways Cafe will cause any problem to adults. Clients, who do not want to visit when children are there, can avoid such moments. I will also try to point out indirectly that the client who provided the review was wrong by including a statement which creates a doubt whether the origin of the problem is the Broadways Cafe or the client’s personal viewpoint. I will explain that the cafe is inclusive because it allows families with children to visit, but ensures that children are under control to avoid any inconvenience to other clients. The client’s viewpoint is unethical. Children cannot be eliminated from visiting the cafe just because of their age. They also have a right to enjoy the public place with their parents, as long as their behaviour, while they are within the cafe, is put under check. However, the customer has a right to air his view too, and to address the issue, it will be upon the cafe’s personnel to ensure that children do not cause any inconvenience to other clients. An open line of communication for Broadways Cafe can be encouraged, while still maintaining an open forum on the cafe’s Web site by making a corporate community on the Web site, which allows feedback to clients. To ensure that communication is open, the Web site will have to be user friendly and interactive so that clients can

A Look at a Baters Food Group's Distribution Strategy in Meeting Essay

A Look at a Baters Food Group's Distribution Strategy in Meeting Delivery Performance - Essay Example Aside from discussing the significance of zero-inventory-ordering policies, staggering delivery, and just-in-time (JIT) concept in the establishment of lean production and distribution system, this report identified and discussed several factors that can trigger operational bottle-neck within a food manufacturing company. Furthermore, this report tackled the importance of using e-commerce in expanding the existing distribution system of Baxters. Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 I. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦. 4 II. Common Factors that Directly and Indirectly Causes Distribution and Delivery Performance Problems on E-Commerce . 5 III. Importance of Establishing Lean Production and Distribution System on E-Commerce .............................................. 7 IV. Significance of Zero-Inventory-Ordering Policies, Staggering Delivery, and Just-In-Time (JIT) Concept in the Establishment of Lean Production and Distribution System ........... 10 V. Baxters Food Group’s Distribution Strategy in Meeting Delivery Performance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 VI. ... 22 Appendix II – Significance of E-commerce on Baxters’ Distribution Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Introduction Formerly known as W.A. Baxters & Sons Limited, Baxters Food Group Limited was established back in 1868 as a local food manufacturing company in Scotland that specializes in the manufacturing of microwaveable gourmet soup bowls, chilli bowls, pickles and other food preservatives such as jams, marmalades, and jellies, chutneys and sauces (Baxters 2012a; Bloomberg Businessweek 2012). Today, the company manufactures its food products throughout Australia, Canada, and Poland (Baxters 2012b). Despite the global economic uncertainties during the past couple of years, the use of e-commerce enabled Baxters Food Group able to maintain the efficiency of its distribution and delivery performance. Even though the company’s monthly sales were down by 2% from ?125.8 million as com pared to ?129 million in 2010, Baxters Food Group reported approximately 6% increase in its pre-tax profits as of 2011 (McCulloch 2012). Delivery performance of Baxters is highly dependent on its ability to establish a lean production system. Since Baxters Food Group is a local food manufacturing company in Scotland, it is necessary to identify and discuss all factors that could create flaws on its production and distribution line. In relation to the distribution strategies used by Baxters Food Group, this report will focus on analyzing the factors that made the company able to maintain its efficiency despite the volatility in the demand for canned food products. Using the principles, theories, frameworks, and techniques of modern manufacturing strategies, this report will discuss how the Baxters was able to maintain its daily operational costs low

Do Children Benefit When Their Teacher Speaks Their Second Language Research Proposal

Do Children Benefit When Their Teacher Speaks Their Second Language - Research Proposal Example This report talks that biculturalism refers to a process wherein individuals learn to function in two distinct socio-cultural environments: their primary culture, and that of the dominant mainstream culture of the society in which they live. Setting these two worlds apart is their language. Language barriers not only hinder or slow down the learning process, it also inhibits the child’s socializing capabilities. There is a sense of alienation that sets in, inside the classroom that manifests in myriad ways, like aggression, extreme shyness and the eventual drop out situation. This essay makes a conclusion that teachers who understand and appreciate culturally different strengths and funds of knowledge are more likely to provide enriching and responsive learning environments that celebrate and capitalize on children’s cultural differences. As students themselves, most teachers were socialized in mainstream schools for at least 12 years and often attended teacher preparation programs grounded in the mainstream culture. Beginning the journey toward increased cultural competence requires teachers to rethink their assumptions and consider life’s issues through the lenses of people who come from cultural backgrounds different from their own. Teachers cannot hope to begin to understand who sits before them unless they can connect with the families and communities from which their children come. To do that it is vital that teachers and teacher educators explore their own beliefs and attitudes about non-white and non-middle-class people.

Stuart Davis, American Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stuart Davis, American Painting - Essay Example The essay "Stuart Davis, American Painting" explores Hotel de France, painted by Stuart Davis. We can also see some part of the street. Accordingly, this painting was made at Paris, France particularly in the area of Montparnasse during the stay of Stuart Davis in that place in 1928 to 1929. The purpose of the painting was to convey the American artist’s feeling of great pleasure in the city’s being the only one of its kind. The work of Davis is a painting which is particularly oil on canvas. Oil on canvas is a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result of painting with a dry insoluble substance, usually dust or powder that was usually reduce, as by pounding or grinding, when suspended in a liquid vehicle becomes a paint that are tied with a medium of drying oil. This kind of painting is especially particular in Europe. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinn ed paint. Back to the painting of Davis, the work is a still life. This painting is a still life or the work of art depicting a subject matter, typically is a common place in Paris. The painting is a still life since it is man-made. In case that there is happening in the painting, it might be that people who are coming to and fro of the painting, we can see people who are standing near the window of the painting. There might be also people walking on the street, a sales representative with a big smile standing just in front of the kiosk.

Marketing 4p assigment Essay Example for Free

Marketing 4p assigment Essay INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATIONS: Backed by more than 20 years of experience in Japan, Sushi Zanmai possesses extensive expertise for raw materials selection. Base on the nature of Business is classified as Food Beverage industry. The purpose of their business is serves the best food and services to each customers. Genuine ingredients coupled with original recipes and original taste, they provide more than 100 assortments of sushi and 100 varieties of cooked food that are authentically Japanese. They now have 10 outlets in Malaysia which is at Sunway Pramid, One Utama, Garden Mall, Low Yat Plaza, Paradigm Mall, Fahrenheit 88 and 1 Month Kiara. They have their own wedsite for customers more easily to find out the most nearby location and know what is new on that month. The main selling product is sushi other that they also have sell noodles, rice set, desserts, and beverages. That sushi of colour plate starts from RM1. 80. 2. 0 THE PRODUCT OF SUSHI ZANMAI Sushi Zanmai is originated from Japan. They are offering the combination of tangible goods and services in their business. They provide traditional Japanese foods and services on their business. They business are on direct sell foods to customers. They have serves appetiser which the Japanese meal begins with a visual feast of chilled and warm appetisers, like: Salmon roe Japanese omelette Potato Mayonnaise Sushi Zanmai created own specialties featuring the freshest, handpicked ingredients provide a fresh, contemporary spin on much-loved favourites, exquisitely tailored to suit local taste preferences such as, Sanshoku Hana Salmon Caterpillar Roll Wasabillar Roll The traditional entree consists of expertly-sliced raw fish, shellfish or mollusks, complemented perfectly by the combination of wasabi and soy sauce, and often accompanied by pickled ginger, example Salmon sashimi Toro sashimi Maguro sashimi According to survey, most of the female prefer sushi salad that the reason Sushi Zanmai products include various types of Salad to let customers choose too. As you can see the three popular salad dishes are Sashimi Salad Salmon Salad Kaiso to Tofu Salad Rolled sushi in Japanese language is pronounces maki. It usually comprises of seafood which may or may not be raw, vinegared rice and paper-thin seaweed. For example, Salmon Maki Soft Shell Crab Maki Natto Maki Follow that, they do have Temaki. The â€Å"te† in Temaki means hand is Japanese language. The Temaki sushi is two- fold. It not only refers to a hand roll that is made entirely with the hand, without the traditional bamboo mat. The cone-shaped Temaki sushi is ofeten prepared as an appetizer. Soft Shell crab Temaki Ikura Temaki Unagi Temaki Other than that, noodles are also usually customers will order it. They have provide three types of noodles one is soba which is made from wheat flour, Udon made from wheat flour, Ramen made from Chinese wheat flour and served with a wide range of soup stocks such as soy-sauce base and salt base. Sansai Udon Niku Ramen Kakaiage soba Donburi a dishes consist of a deep bowl of rice topped off with chicken, beef or seafood cooked in a variety of styles and sauces. They have, Curry Rice Unadon Ebidon In beverages, they served many types of drinks like Green Tea, Calpis Smoothies, fine Japanese Sake, Soft Drinks, Japanese Plum Wine and others. Green Tea (unlimited refill) Ichigo Smoothies Choya Extreme A dessert to end the meals. It have multiple choice as well as, Macha Macha Parfait Itachoco Monaka Stawberry Parfait For the level of the product and services, Sushi Zanmai is selling the product which is categories in actual product. They have their own brand name, design, packaging that deliver the core benefit to customers. They are selling high quality level product that most of the ingredients are import from Japan such as Salmon, tuna, sea bream, Eel and etc. Besides, Sushi Zanmai are selling the shopping product goods which is one of the important consumer goods in market. There have few reason because of Sushi Zanmai’s product is belong to shopping product. Sushi Zanmai of products is consumers purchase and consume on a less frequent schedule compared to convenience products. Normally, they opened their business inside the shopping mall and which is high class and crowded shopping mall. They will do more selective when choosing distribution outlets to sell their products. However, customers are willing to spend more time locating their products since they are relatively more expensive than convenience products and because these may process additional psychological benefits for the purchaser, such as raising customers status level within their social group. 3. 0 THE PRICING STRATEGY THAT USED BY SUSHI ZANMAI Sushi Zanmai has successfully follows the price skimming strategy when setting the price of its products. The price skimming strategy allows Sushi Zanmai to charge a price that is above the competition, but also promote frequent sales to lower the price below them. Different groups of customers are willing to pay different prices for the same product. Sushi Zanmai can sell â€Å"The Extreme† to the customers who will pay the higher price to be the first to buy and also to the bargain hunters. Finally, this strategy will emphasize the product and service quality. Sushi Zanmai sets a high initial price for its products to send a signal to customers that its products are quality and the service is excellent. Next, Sushi Zanmai also using price line and price bundle as the pricing strategies. Product Line Pricing They have selling same product of food but different categories. Every guest has different taste and love different type of cruise that the reason Sushi Zanmai has to classify as well. Certainly, different materiel of food sure is different price charging. For example: Sushi Name Ingredients Price Inari Sakura Shiitake fish floss RM3. 80 Kaki Fry Roll Friend oyster sushi roll topped with mayonnaise RM9. 80 Dragon Roll Fried prawn sushi roll topped with avocado RM12. 80 Rice Name Ingredients Price Ebidon Deep fried prawn with egg on rice RM8. 80 Chiken Katsu Curry Chicken cutlet and rice with curry sauce RM10. 80 Unadon Roasted eel on rice RM15. 80 Noodles Name Ingredients Price Tsukimi Udon or ramen noddles with egg RM6. 80 Sansai Udon or soba noodle with vegetables RM8. 80 Curry Udon or ramen noodle with chicken curry RM10. 80 Product Bundle Pricing Sushi Zanmai has offering set promotion to attract more guests to purchase their products. Set promotion is type of bundle strategy. It can let guests feel the price is lower or cheaper but just have in certain and limited lime for it, like: Chicken Keraage Don and ice lemon tea for only RM7. 90 As manager will be considered in a few points when setting the bundle pricing strategy: Customer demands, sort out which is the product of the guests prefer or like it. Customers always pursue cheaper price, Target profit; make sure will reach the target. 4. 0 PLACE OF SUSHI ZANMAI Location is very important to those in Food and Beverage industry, as the product they sell is shopping product, the customers should not be able to take far complications to reach their shop. Normally, Sushi Zanmai chooses to open their new outlet inside the shopping mall that those people visit regularly. Below as those outlets of Sushi Zanmai in Malaysia : †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, SUNWAY PIRAMID †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, LOW YAT PLAZA †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, 1 UTAMA †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, THE GARDENS MALL †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, FAHRENHEIT 88 †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, 1 M ONT’KIARA †¢SUSHI ZANMAI, PARADIGM MALL One of the outlets of Sushi Zanmai in K. L Distribution Sushi Zanmai’s distribution channel is a direct channel as they are selling their product directly to the customers. Their distribution channel is considered as a direct channel, and it is the best suitable method to do for selling sushi, udon and beverage to the customers. As Sushi Zanmai are being in food and beverage industry, the best way to serve their customers is by serving them nicely and directly. The shopkeepers who are preparing meal in front of the customers 5. 0 PROMOTION OF SUSHI ZANMAI Sushi Zanmai are using promotion methods which are Advertising and Sales Promotion. For advertising promotion purpose, they have created a web page over the internet that those people could get the information which about them with visiting their web page. Other than that, for the reasons of nowadays most of the people are having an account on facebook, so that they have created a facebook web page to be distributed among the facebook page. The facebook users or customers might do a feedback or recommendations that about them through their facebook page. Web page of Sushi Zanmai Sales promotional sets will be made to promote their products to let the customers try and enjoy their product and to create strong customer relationships by promoting personally and friendly service. Their popular promotional methods are: Have 50 % discounts for only these 4 types of items. The duration of this promotion is just for one week. Sushi Zanmai have did the promotion that shown as above. The customers will get a Chicken Karaage Don for only RM 6. 80 after finish the steps that set by them. Free RM 20 Sushi Zanmai voucher for those customers whom spend RM100 or above in any of their outlets. The duration for this voucher is just for one month. 6. 0 Improvements in 4p’strategies of Sushi Zanmai Product Sushi Zanmai should activate the strategy of product development and come up with new products from time to time as it is important to maintain the preference of the customers with the new developed products. For example, the organization can come up with new type of rice and new sushi flavour or developing new menu items in single orders such as Udon and etc. Place Shopping mall actually is a not bad idea for open a restaurant but also need to careful about the visibility. A restaurant that is located on a crowded place has high visibility. Conversely, a restaurant nestled on a not crowded place will always battle a disadvantage simply based on its location. Pricing Sushi Zanmai should be try not setting too higher price to attract more other guests purchase your product and also can earn more profit. Promotion Sushi Zanmai can also be improved by creating more value sets that prompts the customers to try out the new products made for specific period as a special promotion during particular season such as Valentine’ Day and Merry Christmas or holiday season value sets for example Advertising on TV Sushi Zanmai shoud has advertising on TV. Television is the most powerful advertising medium available. The largest corporations around the world use it to build their brands, bring customers, add credibility, and grow their businesses. Delivery Services Add delivery services. It can help a company gaining popularity and becoming more available. 7. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, i would like conclude by listing the 4p’strategies that regarding of is price, place, promotion and product. They are offering the combination of tangible goods and services in their business. In setting pricing the Sushi Zanmai is using price skimming for their products. For the place and distribution, The Sushi Zanmai is use direct as their channel. Moreover, the Therefore, Sushi Zanmai should improve its product quality and take considered action in order to improve the sales as expected.

English Essays Frankenstein

English Essays Frankenstein Why is Frankenstein considered a Gothic novel and Fathers and Sons and Great Expectations considered realist? Discuss in an essay of 2000 words with reference to Frankenstein and either Fathers and Sons or Great Expectations. Great Expectations and Frankenstein provide us with examples of the nineteenth century English novel frequently labeled realist and gothic respectively. This essay aims to discuss the characteristics that contribute to these labels and how far this sets the two novels apart. The realist novel is classified as such by its attempt to represent social types of the time and symbolize the community of a historical era by portraying particular individuals. Consequently, characters within the novel serve as examples of their particular social type. One of the aims of the realist novel was to bring life to history, to add a human viewpoint to a real historical situation. This means that the realist narrative focuses on the everyday concerns, thoughts and feelings of societys people. Not concerned solely with immediate feelings, the ambitions and desires of a person are also of great interest to the realist writer. As a result we are presented with a picture not just of how the world was, but how different social types imagined it to be. Great Expectations is set in early Victorian England at a time when great social changes were taking place. The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century had transformed the social landscape, enabling capitalists and manufacturers to amass huge fortunes that would otherwise have been unattainable; social class was no longer a status dependent purely on birth. This is the dynamic environment into which Dickens places his protagonist, Pip. Pips sudden transformation from country laborer to city gentleman allows Dickens to commentate on the differences between social extremes. Pips decisions are constantly influenced by the strict rules and expectations that governed Victorian England at this time. The setting of the novel would have been familiar to its readership and certain aspects can clearly be linked to historical truth. For example, in 1841 there would have been three thousand civilian prisoners held aboard nine hulk ships anchored in English waters. It is reasonable to believe, therefore, that Magwitch could have escaped from a ship that found itself anchored off the Essex coast. The moral of the story is clear: social standing is a superficial and insufficient guide to character. Pip swiftly becomes driven by the fantasy of becoming a gentleman, and it is these great expectations that form the basic plot of the novel. As a result Dickens is able to satirise the very class system that he is a part of. The consequences of Pips actions allow us an insight into Dickens social ideals Pips life as a gentleman is no more satisfying or moral than his life as a country laborer. Indeed it is through Joe, Biddy and Magwitch that Pip learns that social and educational improvement are irrelevant to a persons true worth. Consequently, it must be noted that the realist novel is heavily influenced by the way that the realist novelist sees the world; Dickens focuses firmly on those in the community who have earned their status through commerce and as a result, the post-Industrial revolution class system portrayed largely ignores the nobility and aristocracy by birth. In thi s respect the realist novel can be read as more subjective social criticism and raises the issue of how reliable one author can be when it comes to presenting an objective view of the world. Characters in the novel naturally present us with conflicting views of society and it is left to Dickens to reconcile these ideas and present us with the answer, an answer that is heavily influenced by his own ideals. It can be argued that this technique over-simplifies social issues, in the words of Joe, one mans a blacksmith, and ones a whitesmith, and ones a goldsmith, and ones a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come. There seems to be little in between and each must be met as they are presented by Dickens. Other factors may also have come into play when producing this realist novel, particularly, the novels market. The content of Great Expectations would have been heavily influenced by the requirements of All the Year Round, one of the magazines for which Dickens wrote. Having just published a rather unsuccessful serial by another author, Dickens saw Great Expectations as a means of drawing in readers and getting the magazine back on track financially: an ironic influence considering the moral of the story which condemns the pursuit of financial and social gain. As mentioned previously, the setting of Great Expectations would have been familiar to its contemporary readers, allowing them to relate to characters. Setting is one factor that sets the realist novel apart from the gothic. The landscape presented in Frankenstein would have been wholly alien to readers of the time. Gothic novels tend to locate narratives in mysterious locations and this convention is clearly adhered to in Frankenstein, with action taking place in continental Europe and Arctic regions places it is unlikely Shelleys readers would have ever visited. In the same respect Victors experiments take place in an unknown setting as the majority of readers would have been unfamiliar with laboratories and scientific experiments. The use of strange and eerie settings succeeds in creating a mood of suspense and unsettling atmosphere, Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave Another characteristic of the gothic novel is the use of the supernatural. Moers writes that, in Gothic writings fantasy predominates over reality, the strange over the commonplace, and the supernatural over the natural, with one definite authorial intent: to scare. Shelley uses the supernatural elements of raising the dead to frighten her readers. Through the eyes of Victor the monster is repulsive and altogether unnatural, shocking the reader out of reality, I suddenly beheld the figure of a man, at some distance, advancing toward me with superhuman speed. At a time of great scientific advancement this would have been a topical story that pushed the boundaries, presenting readers with a truly shocking idea removed from reality, but remotely possible. Not only is this topic unknown and mysterious, it is presented in such a macabre manner that terror consumes the reader. Victors decision to stop making a female monster is driven by fear that a race of devils would be propagated upon the earth who might make the very existence of the species of man a condition precarious and full of terror and this is the very feeling that has already been sparked in the reader during the creation of the first monster. The gothic tradition thrives on the sensational. In her essay on the Female Gothic, Moers argues that the gothic novel is primarily concerned with producing a physiological reaction, a story that chills the spine and curdles the blood. Victor himself experiences this bodily reaction induced by fear Sometimes my pulse beat so quickly and hardly that I felt the palpitation of every artery. In this respect, Shelleys novel clearly meets the criteria of the gothic traditions, illustrated by Lord Byron who is said to have run from the room screaming on first hearing the story of Frankenstein. Indeed, such sensationalist literature was highly sought after in this period and pandered to by such gothic fiction. These sensations are enhanced by the feeling of suspense that runs through Frankenstein, particularly from the moment the monster threatens Victor with the words, I will be with you on your wedding-night, a phrase that echoes through the novel from the moment it is spoken. Nature in the gothic novel is presented as sublime, a retreat from both physical and emotional strain. This is evident in Victors journey to the mountains to revive his spirits and the monsters joy when spring arrives. Nature is often used in conjunction with darkness to construe a feeling of foreboding or evil. This is the case as Victor creates the monster, an endeavor that forces him to shun daylight and lead a solitary life, the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places. As the novel progresses we would not expect life to be injected into the monster on any other night but a dreary night in November. Nature is used to a similar effect within Great Expectations where the mist that occurs on the nights when Pip visits Magwitch, The mist was heavier yet when I got out upon the marshes, and subsequently returns when he leaves for London, suggests that all will not run smoothly when he reaches the city. Through multiple narratives Shelley forces us to question our sympathies. In a Russian doll narrative style we are told the story of Frankenstein through Walton, who in turn tells the story of the monster, who in turn tells the story of Safie and the cottagers. However, it is not until halfway through the novel that we are subject to the monsters narrative and by this time we have already been influenced by Victors biased account of events. Consequently, we become aware of the complex nature of truth and the power of our own subjectivity. In the questions that are asked of us, supernatural becomes closer to natural than we may have first imagined. Although we are terrorized in true gothic fashion, we are simultaneously forced to question the source of this terror. Having said this, the complex narrative structure and the portrayal of the supernatural clearly invites more of a gothic reading. In his essay, Reading Frankenstein, Richard Allen points to narration as a signifier for narrative form, stating that Pips first person narrative makes his presentation in terms of what we might read as gothic excess in fact rather plausible, since it can also be understood as the product of a young imagination replete with the monsters and ogres of folk and fairy-tale tradition. The realist narrative directs us towards a more sensible and natural explanation, toning down what may be gothic content by presenting it from a realist perspective. This realist understanding of supernatural events can be identified in the reaction of the magistrate to whom Victor explains his story to, He had heard my story with that half kind of belief that is given to a tale of spirits and supernatural events. Both Dickens and Shelley draw from their own experiences in writing their respective novels. Dickens would have been extremely familiar with the city of London and the marshes surrounding Kent, and would also have experienced the law system, with his own father spending time in prison. Shelley was also frequently exposed to the ideas expressed in her novel, spending time with radical thinkers through her father and husband. Great Expectations may well be more openly realistic, but the subtext of Frankenstein connects to the natural more than a first reading may imply. There is a vast undercurrent of birth and abortion illustrated by a link that is often made between the creation of the monster and Marys loss of a child. Her journals explain that the baby died before it was given a name (just as Frankensteins monster remained nameless) and that she also experienced a vivid dream in which she was able to bring it back to life. It must be noted that neither novel can be classified by one single form. Great Expectations for example can also be read as a bildungsroman, another popular nineteenth century novel form which depicts growth and personal development by transition from childhood to adulthood. Much of the gothic novel also draws from the Romantic tradition, Shelleys portrayal of human feeling, compassions and discontent towards all that is commercial and inhuman is closely aligned with this movement. Walden observes this cross-over of genres, stating that what is especially interesting about Dickens writings is the degree to which they anticipate the continuing hybridity of genre expectations, a statement that can equally be applied to Shelley. Bibliography Frankenstein, Mary Shelley (Everymans Library, 1992) Great Expectations, Charles Dickens (Marshall Cavendish, 1986) The Endurance of Frankenstein: Essays on Mary Shelleys Novel, Edited by George Levine and U. C. Knoepflmacher (University of California Press, 1979) The Realist Novel, Edited by Dennis Walder (Routledge, 1995) http://intolerablehulks.com/intro.html